Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum
April 19–June 14, 2009
SANTA ANA, CA—Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum features 81 objects from the Tokyo National Museum, representing the art and aesthetics of the samurai culture of Japan. This collection dates primarily to the Edo period (1603–1868) with many pieces classified as Important Cultural Property and National Treasures. The exhibition features various objects that are a testament to the accomplished level of society, education, and skills developed by the samurai during the 10th and 20th centuries. Some objects included are handcrafted swords, armor, tea-ceremony utensils, screen and scroll paintings, Noh theatre costumes, and other fine works. Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum opens at the Bowers Museum on April 19, 2009, and remains on view through June 14, 2009, in the Anderson-Hsu-Tu Gallery.
For nearly 700 years, from the latter half of the 12th century until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the military bushi (warrior class) were at the helm of government in Japan. During the mid-Heian period (10th century), groups of bushi warriors formed throughout the country. Because some of the warriors served the centrally located nobles in Kyoto, they were called samurai or, literally, “those who serve in close attendance to nobility.” Originally, their social position was low and they were considered as assistants or attendants; however, in the Edo period, the samurai began using armed force and became more powerful. They created a culture of their own based on the lifestyles of the nobles, which was marked by strength and simplicity. The life of the warriors was simple, and their philosophy stressed the importance of bravery and dedication to their lords, as well as their clans and houses. This became the basis of bushido (way of the warrior) and elevated the samurai into a refined social class.
Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum illustrates the multiple aspects of samurai life from their battle regalia to daily way of living. The exhibition consists of two thematic sections revealing the samurai legacy: Attire of the Samurai, which mainly features swords and armor; and Samurai Culture, featuring costumes for Noh performance and tea ceremony paraphernalia, plus examples of their everyday items, including garments, accessories, and furnishings. In addition, the exhibition includes the Chronicle of Yoshitsuni screen loaned by Etsuko and Joe Price, and the Shin'enKan Foundation of Los Angeles.
Samurai viewed the battlefield as a place to display their bravery and honor, and they were granted lands from their lords when achieving military success. They risked their own lives to make names for themselves as heroic and skilled warriors and wore their battle attire with pride. This sense of duty influenced the colorful designs of Japanese armor. Domaru Gusoku Style Armor with White Lacing (17th century) reflects this type of brightly decorated and highly embellished armor. The Domaru-style armor had an opening under the right arm and was preferred by high-ranking warlords for its greater agility and light weight.
Swords were the most important tools for the samurai and cherished to such a degree that they were referred to as their spirit. Japanese swords are known for their unique curvature, a characteristic developed during the early 11th century. To receive one as a gift from the shogun (head of military government) or daimyo (feudal lord) was held in high esteem. Usually, the samurai wore a long and short sword at their hip along the belt. The exhibition includes a tachi (high curve) sword made by the famous swordsmith Sukezane, a National Treasure from the Kamakura period (1192–1333). The external design of the sword features a shorter, sharper tip that creates a powerful impression.
Away from the battlefield, the samurai perceived Noh performance and tea ceremony as the two most important genres of cultural life. Noh theatre is an ancient art form that was created during the middle ages, where the women’s roles are played by men. The level of Noh drama developed from a form of entertainment enjoyed by commoners to an art form appreciated by members of the nobility and warrior class. With masks and costumes, Noh actors express the highly spiritual sense of the story and invite the viewers’ hearts to the world of yugen (profound grace and subtlety).
The Japanese tea ceremony, also known as cha-no-yu, was first brought to Japan from China by a Zen priest during the 12th century. Drinking tea took place in a tea ceremony room, with an alcove decorated with hanging scroll paintings or calligraphy, and specially designated utensils were used to enhance the sense of appreciation. The tea ceremony is not merely about drinking tea, but also an opportunity for the host and guest to interact with each other and express their feelings. Examples of Japanese tea instruments used for private tea gatherings by samurai families are displayed in the exhibition.
Edo Period
The Edo period was established in 1603. Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first shogun of the Tokugawa regime, governed the country from Edo (today known as Tokyo), although Kyoto and Osaka were the primary political, economical, and cultural centers at the time. In 1868, the period ended when imperial rule was restored with the Meiji Restoration. In 1615, Tokugawa destroyed the Toyotomi family with military campaigns in Osaka and established a dictatorial ruling system with his great militaristic and economic power. From that time, the following 14 generations of shogun, with a council of bureaucratic samurai, ruled Japan indirectly through vassals called daimyo in a feudal system.
Throughout the Edo period, the country was stable because no wars were large enough to endanger the government. A social system was established where people separated into immobile classes of samurai, farmers, industrial craftsmen, and merchants—each with education and culture suited to their respective classes.
Organization
Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum is organized by the Tokyo National Museum (TNM) and curated by Kazutoshi Harada, TNM Senior Research Chair. Julie Lee, Bowers Curator of Exhibitions, is coordinating the exhibition presentation at the Bowers Museum.
Publication
Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum is accompanied by a softbound, lavishly illustrated catalogue. The publication includes a message from Teiichi Sato, Tokyo National Museum Executive Director; preface by Peter C. Keller, Ph.D., Bowers Museum President; essays by Kazutoshi Harada and Nobuyuki Matsumoto, Tokyo National Museum Director of Curatorial Planning; and list of object labels and a historical chronology. Art of the Samurai: Selections from the Tokyo National Museum can be purchased at the Bowers Gallery Store.
Related Programs
The following lectures are presented in conjunction with the exhibition. For a list of other related events and films, please contact the Bowers Museum’s press office at 714.567.3642. All lectures take place in the Norma Kershaw Auditorium.